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The USB 1.0 standard was implemented in 1996. It has 4 pins. The inner pins are for data, the outer pins supply 5 VDC. The specifications for a USB 1.0 and 2.0 standard downstream port, delivers up to 500 mA or 0.5A. USB 2 cranked that up and USB 3 cranked it up even more.

You can't transfer data without powering the data device which is why there is 5 VDC in the USB standard. That flash drive can't power itself. Of course, to use a more power hungry device with USB, such as early external USB hard drives, you needed to supply more than .5 amps. This was normally supplied by an external power source but some USB hard drives came with a special dual USB cord: One USB was for power and data and the other was for power only. That way the USB hard drive could use up to 1 amp from the PC's USB ports.

So yeah, that USB port on the dash, connected to the radio or not, can supply at least 5 VDC at .5 amp for charging. Your modern phone may laugh at that pittance of power but that doesn't mean it isn't there.